ROMSO Cyprus Knowledge Base
1159
The Year of Significance: 1159 in Europe and Beyond
In the year 1159, a multitude of events unfolded across various regions of Europe, marking significant milestones in politics, religion, and culture. This article will delve into some of these pivotal moments, shedding light on the complexities of medieval life.
Politics and World Affairs
The Holy Roman Empire was abuzz with activity as Rainald von Dassel was elected Archbishop of Cologne in June 1159, succeeding Frederick II von Berg. Emperor Frederick I lent him the necessary resources to assume his new role, making him arch chancellor for Italy. This appointment came at a time when the empire was grappling with internal power struggles and external threats.
In Rome, the election of Pope Alexander III proved tumultuous, with Rolando Bandinelli emerging as the majority cardinal. He was elected on September 7, 1159, just 13 days after his predecessor Hadrian IV's death. However, a pro-imperial minority supported Octaviano de Monticelli, who would later serve as antipope Victor IV.
Meanwhile, in Northern Europe, Håkon II Herdebrei was proclaimed king of Norway at the tender age of 12 on the Øyrathing. His ascension to the throne marked the beginning of a tumultuous period in Norwegian history, with his uncle Inge Krogrygg continuing to resist his rule.
In the Crusader States, Emperor Manuel I entered Antioch and forced Prince Rainald of Chatillon to become a Byzantine vassal. This move was part of a larger effort by Manuel to consolidate power and secure alliances in the region. Notably, Rainald had previously allied himself with enemies of Manuel and even invaded the Byzantine island of Cyprus the previous year.
The Reconquista continued unabated as the Portuguese conquered Évora and Beja. These victories marked significant milestones in the ongoing struggle between Christian forces and Muslim invaders in Iberia.
In other regions, the so-called "grazing letter" of Bremen Archbishop Hartwig I regulated the delimitation of an area now known as Bürgerweide, which could be used as common land for cattle pasture. This document highlights the importance of administrative reforms during this period.
Religious appointments also took place in 1159. Peter Lombardus became bishop of Paris, while Johannes Komnenos was born around August or September of that year and would later become Byzantine Emperor.