1229

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The year 1229 was a pivotal moment in European history, marked by significant events that shaped the politics, culture, and geography of the Mediterranean region.

In the Holy Land, Emperor Frederick II's Sixth Crusade had reached its climax with the signing of the Treaty of Jaffa on February 18. This treaty, brokered between Sultan Al-Kamil and Frederick, established a 10-year truce that would have far-reaching consequences for the region. The terms of the treaty included the cession of Jerusalem, Lydda, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, although these cities were not to be fortified militarily. In return, the Ayyubids retained control over the Temple Mount, al-Aqsa Mosque, and Dome of the Rock, with Christians allowed to worship in the future. Muslims were granted freedom of movement in the Bethlehem area and their own jurisdiction under a cadi in Jerusalem.

Frederick's achievements during this period included the control of Jerusalem (without the Temple Mount) and Bethlehem, as well as Nazareth and western Galilee, including Montfort Castle and Toron. He also established a corridor running through Lydda to the sea of Jaffa, further solidifying his hold on the region.

On March 18, Frederick II entered Jerusalem in an impromptu ceremony, where he crowned himself King of Jerusalem by the right of his son Konrad, although without receiving any religious consecration. This move was met with resistance from local barons, who had appointed Governor Odo of Montbéliard to govern the region. Frederick deposed this governor and replaced him with Balian of Sidon and Garnier l’Aleman.

However, not all were pleased with Frederick's actions. On his departure from Palestine, he was allegedly insulted by the population, who were dissatisfied with the negotiated peace. In response, they showered him with slaughter waste as he left Acre. This event marked a turning point in Frederick's relationship with the local population.

In Cyprus, Frederick appointed a five-member regency council under Amalrich Barlais to govern the island during his absence. However, this move was met with resistance from the barons, who broke out into an uprising against the imperials. The rebels ultimately won at Nicosia on June 24, forcing Amalrich Barlais and King Henry I to retreat to Dieu d’Amour Castle.

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