1291

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**1291**

1291 was a common year that began on a Monday.

Events

### Europe

* August 1: The cantons of Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden signed the Federal Charter, marking the beginning of the creation of the Swiss Confederation. The Cantons began a war of liberation against the Austrians.
* August 1: The "three forest cantons" (Waldstätte) of Switzerland formed a defensive alliance to protect themselves from the House of Habsburg.
* November-December: The kings Sancho IV of Castile and James II of Aragon agreed to join the war against the Marinids and concluded a treaty of friendship. Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, gave his support to Sancho to take Tarifa from the Marinids.

### Levant

* May 18: Muslims captured Accra from the Crusaders; the last cut of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
* April 5: The Sultan of Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt began the siege against Acrei, which was taken by the Mamluks of Egypt on April 14. King Henry III of Jerusalem took refuge in Cyprus.

### Asia

* In Japan, the temple of Nanzen-ji at Kyoto was established by Emperor Kameyama.
* In India, the brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, Genoese who sought to reach India by way of the Atlantic Ocean, disappeared after departing from Genoa in May.

### Africa

* August 1: A flota genovesa-sevillanera combined led by almirante Benedetto Zaccaria defeated a fleet of 27 galeras marinidas off Alcácer Seguir. The Mamluks took Beirut, Tyre, and Sidon.
* November-December: The revolt of the nomadic Lurov tribe in Iran was suppressed.

### Scotland

* May 10: The Scottish nobles gathered at Norham and recognized the authority of King Edward I of England.

### Lithuania

* Pukuver Budivid began to reign in Lithuania (until 1295).

Deaths

* Gilbert de Clare, nobleman and knight (d. 1329)
* Ōji Uchitsune, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d.)
* Bolesław III, polski szlachta i rycer (zmar. 1352)
* Luitgard von Wittichen, Nonne, Abbess and Mystic (d. 1348)
* Marie d'Artois, noblesse française (maison d'Aristois) (d. 1365)
* Aymon ("The Peaceful"), Savoyan nobleman (d.)
* Philip V of France (d. 1351)
* Lajin from Damascus (d.)
* Abu l-Fida, Arab historian (d.)

Other events

* The fall of Acre signaled the end of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
* Al-Ashraf Khalil entered Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which were carried upside down as a sign of their defeat.