1360

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1360: A Year of Conquests, Treaties, and Cultural Achievements

In the year 1360, several significant events took place across Europe, marking a turning point in the Hundred Years' War between England and France. The Peace of Brétigny, concluded on May 8th, brought an end to the first stage of this conflict, providing for a ceasefire that would last almost ten years. This treaty also saw the release of French King John II from prison after four years, following negotiations over a ransom paid by English king Edward III.

As part of the agreement, Edward III received several territories in northern and western France, including Gascony, the Limousin, Calais, and other areas that had been under French control. In return, Edward renounced his claim to the French throne. This marked an important shift in power dynamics between the two nations.

Meanwhile, in Italy, Guido Gonzaga succeeded his father Luigi I as ruler of Mantua on January 18th. The Holy Roman Empire also witnessed significant events during this period, with various factions vying for influence and control.

In the Iberian Peninsula, Abu Said's assassination led to Ismail II being raised to emir of Granada, only to be succeeded by Abu Said himself as Muhammad VI under the Nasrid Empire. This marked a turning point in the region's politics, with Muhammad V seeking support from neighboring kingdoms.

The year 1360 also saw significant cultural achievements. Guillaume de Machaut composed his famous Mass de Nostre Dame, one of the oldest polyphonic settings of the Ordinarium and the oldest known work by a single composer. In England, William Langland began working on Visio Willelmi de Petro Ploughman (William's vision of Piers the Plowman), a Middle English story that would go on to become one of the first great works in English literature.

In Russia, Belosersk was re-founded after being devastated by a plague. The region also saw significant scientific and cultural advancements during this period, with various artists, writers, and musicians contributing to the rich tapestry of European culture.

Footnotes

* For further information on the Peace of Brétigny, see [Chronology of Sweden](worldtimeline.info).
* Additional sources include "I kung Magnus tid" by Mikael Nordberg (2003) and "The Hundred Years' War" by Jonathan Sumption (