Bahri Dynasty

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The Bahri dynasty (from ), also called Bahri Mamluks, constituted the Sultans of Mamluks in Egypt from 1279 to 1382.

History
At its core, the Bahriyya consisted mainly of slaves of Turk-born or West-Turkish kipshaks. In 1250 they carried the main burden in the defensive struggle against the sixth crusade aimed at Egypt. In the same year, the Bahri Mamluks under the emir Faris ad-Din Aktay eliminated the rule of the Ayyubids by murdering Sultan Turan Shah. The name of the dynasty goes back to the corps of the so-called Bahri Mamluks (also called Bahriyya), which was established by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub (1240–1249). The unit had its garrison on the island of ar-Rauda in the Nile (Arab: Bahr an-Nil), not far from Cairo at the entrance of the Nile Delta. The unit had a reputation for having had a particularly high fighting strength and loyalty to the Sultan.

Thus began the rule of the first Mamluk sultans in Egypt, which initially came from other units. The Bahri Mamluks consequently opposed them until they were expelled from Egypt by Sultan Izz ad-Din Aybak (1250–1257). Sultan Qutuz (1259–1260) recalled them, especially the emir Rukn ad-Din Baibars. After the Battle of ʿAin Jalut (September 1260), Sultan Qutuz was assassinated by Baibars, who became the first Bahri Mamluk to take control of Egypt (1260-1277). However, he did not succeed in founding his own dynasty, as his sons were quickly displaced.

With the fall of Berke Qan, son of Baibars, by Qalawun (1279–1290), the Bahri dynasty began in Egypt. Qalawun continued the battle against the Crusaders and conquered their fortress Tripoli. Nubia was also subjugated again.

Under al-Malik an-Nasir Muhammad (1293–1341), the Mamluk empire grew into a functioning unitary state. After the expulsion of the last crusaders from Syria and Palestine (conquest of Acre 1291), the threat to Syria by the Mongolian Il-Chane could also be eliminated by a peace treaty (1323). At the same time, the Mamluks were able to gain control of the Hejaz and the holy places of Mecca and Medina. In the ensuing peacetime, a strong building activity began throughout the Reich. New irrigation plants were also built and newly developed uninhabited land.

After the death of al-Malik an-Nasir Muhammad (1341), the following sultans came increasingly under the control of powerful viziers and emirs. Under al-Hasan (1347–1361) there was an increasing demilitarization of the Mamluks due to the lack of threat to the empire. But it was overthrown when the military aristocracy saw its privileges threatened. Subsequently, the military clout of the Mamluks was restored, the Kingdom of Armenia Minor was conquered (1375) and the attacks of the King of Cyprus were repelled. 1382 took over di