The 1190s

Overview

The 1190s were a decade that spanned from January 1, 1190 to December 31, 1199 according to the Gregorian calendar. This period is characterized by significant events in European history, including the transition from Romanesque to Gothic art and the development of courtly poetry.

Art and Literature

European art during this decade was marked by the transition from Romanesque to Gothic styles, which originated in France and had already gained prominence there. In literature, courtly poetry began to develop, also originating from France.

The Third Crusade

The 1190s saw the continuation of the Third Crusade, a military campaign launched by European leaders to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Key events during this period include:

* Massacre of Acre (1191)
* Battle of Arsuf (1191)
* Battle of Jaffa (1192)
* Battle of Gisuru (1198)
* Battle of Al-Ark (1195)

Eastern Europe and Byzantium

In Eastern Europe, the 1190s saw significant changes in leadership. After the death of St. Peter in 1194, Reed became a great prince of Kiev. The city continued to decline as its capital status waned.

The Galilicus prince of the Lord Jeroskias Galicas died in 1199, and Roman Manselich took over as the hairy prince of Galicia. He was supported by the Duke of White in his struggle for power in Poland.

In Byzantium, Aleksei III Angel changed from the throne in 1195, marking a significant shift in leadership.

Mongol Unification

The 1190s also saw the unification of Mongolian tribes under the khan Temüjin. This period marked the beginning of the Mongol Empire's rise to power.

Other Events

* The Kamakura era began in Japan in 1185 and continued until 1333.
* The third crusade led by Philippe Auguste and Richard Cœur de Lion took place from 1189-1192, resulting in the creation of the kingdoms of Cyprus and Little Armenia.
* Serbia gained autonomy in 1190.

References

Note: This article synthesizes information from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the 1190s.