Expropriation

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As expropriation (borrowed in the 19th century from French expropriation, to lat.) proprius "own, peculiar") is legally termed the deprivation of ownership of an immovable or movable thing by the state, within the framework of laws and against compensation. In colloquial language, confiscation, without compensation, is often referred to as expropriation. The expropriation of means of production or Enterprises are usually referred to as nationalization (according to Article 15 of the Basic Law as socialization), the expropriation of land on a large scale as land reform or land reform (land as a synonym for real estate). As justification of expropriations for transport, military and other reasons in the state tasks, an overarching purpose serving the general good is cited. This is also usually the reason for individual expropriations.

Comprehensive confiscations ("dispossessions") occur, for example, after wars of conquest, when the winners take everything away from the losers, or after strong domestic political changes such as revolutions.

Since property belongs to fundamental rights in market-economy democracies, expropriations are only possible in certain legally regulated exceptional cases. In centralized economies, on the other hand, the state is usually the main owner and administrator of the means of production, so that their expropriation has become a general law.

Historical roots
Roman law already knew the legal institute of expropriation, but it was largely forgotten in the Middle Ages.

Not until the 18th. In the 19th century, expropriation was rediscovered as a legal institution. Thus in 1743 in Sweden the possibility of expropriation for road and road construction was created. Great influence on the international development of the right of expropriation was gained by the French expropriation law of 1810.

Marxism
In Marxism, it is called the economic law of capitalism that wage-earners (workers) are expropriated by alienated labor, depriving them of most of the surplus value they have earned. This situation can only be overcome by the revolutionary appropriation of the means of production by the proletariat. (This appropriation means confiscation.)

Karl Marx uses in his main work Das Kapital the Latin foreign word for expropriation: expropriation. He understands by this, on the one hand, the exploitation of human labour power in class societies, on the other hand the expropriation of the expropriators, that is, the expropriation of the owners of the means of production by economic or political force in the interest of a social class.

The expropriation of the peasants from their land was historically at the beginning of capitalism. For only large masses of “double-free” wage-workers, who are subjected both to feudal fetters and to property in the means of production