History of Oman

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The history of Oman includes developments in the Sultanate of Oman from prehistory to the present.

Antiquity
In southeastern Arabia, highly developed cultures emerged as early as the 3rd millennium BC. The most significant of these is the Umm-an-Nar culture (2700–2000 BC), which was named after a site near Abu Dhabi and expanded into today’s territories of the United Arab Emirates and North Oman. She maintained close trade contacts with the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and the Indus culture in today's Pakistan. In Sumerian tradition, the country of Magan (also: Makan, Makkan) is named as an important trading partner, which according to the current state of research included the area of today's North Oman. For trade between Sumerians and the Indus culture, Magan was an important intermediate station.

The country also had a great importance in the trading system of the time because of its extensive copper mining, since copper was a basic metal for the production of bronze. At the peak of copper production between 2200 BC and 1900 BC, 2000 to 4000 tonnes of copper are said to have been produced. In addition, stones were also exported from Magan. Gudea von Lagasch reports on Diorit imports from Magan for the production of statues. The trade was carried out with vessels with a loading capacity of up to 20 tonnes. Although much is known about the trade significance of Magan, knowledge of the country's political organisation is poor. But there seems to have been at least one principality or kingdom, since Naram-Sin of Akkad about 2200 BC reported a victory over King Manium of Magan.

Around 1800 BC Magan lost its importance with the demise of the Indus culture and the end of direct trade links to Mesopotamia. Although copper was still mined and exported, Dilmun / Bahrain now drew the intermediate trade. At this time, Magan disappears from Sumerian sources. One reason was probably also that the copper requirements of Mesopotamia could increasingly be met by Cyprus.

Introducing the Aflaj irrigation system, the Persians first conquered the coasts of Oman in the 6th century BC. In the 2nd century AD. Then the Azd Arab tribe from Yemen drove the Parthians out of the country and settled in Oman. After the coastal areas were later again dominated by the Persian Sassanids, under which Mazun/Suhar emerged as a major trading center in the Gulf region, the Azd empire with the center of Nizva was subjugated by the Muslims in the 7th century. However, the Dschulanda dynasty belonging to the Azd remained under the caliph dynasties of the Umayyads and Abbasids until the end of the 8th century. century in power.

Previous Islam
The Islamic history of Oman begins with the arrival of a delegation of Azd in Medina and the dispatch of the Prop