History of the Internet

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The history of the Internet can be divided into three phases.

In the early phase from the mid-1960s, the foundations were laid, the technology demonstrated and developed for application capability.

In the late 1970s, along with the shift from military to academic research funding, the growth and international spread of the Internet began. During this time, what is commonly associated with the wild phase of the original Internet happened: an exchange economy for software and information, a grassroots-based self-organization, evolving communities and the hacker spirit that knows how to circumvent any restriction on access and free flow of information.

In 1990, the commercial phase of the Internet began with the shutdown of the Arpanet. It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet accounted for only 1% of the information flows of the world's telecommunications networks, while in 2000 it dominated the majority of the technical exchange of information (51%), and in 2007 it already clearly dominated (97% of the bytes exchanged worldwide).

Although a chronological presentation predominates in the article, it is primarily thematically structured. A chronological list of events can be found in the article Chronology of the Internet.

General

The Internet is an anomaly in media history. Usual models of media and technology genesis in general run from the laboratory through development to application maturity to social implementation either as state military or administrative communication, as an economic control and control instrument or as a mass product of individual communication or mass media. Unlike in the case of academic data networks. In the first years, there was no separation between inventors, developers and users.

In the network, computer science not only has its research object, but also its communication and publication medium. It is at the same time infrastructure and development environment that is expanded from the inside out. Innovations are thrown into the round by the developer users in the beta version, i.e. without warranty and at their own risk, tested and further developed by the colleagues. They also provide the same infrastructure to the other, increasingly computerized, sciences. Access to computing resources, the exchange within a worldwide community of peers, the discussion of preprints, the publication of conference presentations and databases on the Internet – all this has been part of daily practices in physics and astronomy, computer science itself and increasingly also in softer sciences since the 1980s. Finally, passing on the basic tools to students is part of scientific teaching. Because the net, unlike most laboratory devices