Husainide

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The dynasty of the Husainids, also Husseinids, ruled from 1705 to 1957 as Beys over Tunisia. It was founded in 1705 by Hussein Ben Ali, its rule ended with the proclamation of the republic on the 25th. July 1957.

History
After repeated clashes between corsairs and Janissaries over influence in the government in the 17th century in the Ottoman regency of Tunis, Husain I. ibn Ali prevailed as Bey in Tunis in 1705 and founded the dynasty of the Husainids. Due to the existence of the dynasty and political stability, Tunisia returned to an economic upswing mainly due to the abilities of the Morisken immigrants from Andalusia. Thus, agriculture and trade with European states were promoted after corsairism had lost its importance.

In 1756, Ali I. al-Husain (1735–1756) was overthrown by the sons of his predecessor when they conquered Tunis with Algerian help. It was not until 1807 that the supremacy of Algeria could be ended by a victory of the Tunisians under Hammuda al-Husain (1782–1814). After the elimination of the Ottoman Janissaries, the influence of the Ottomans in Tunisia declined further, so that the Husainids could effectively rule independently. However, the Tunisian economy was significantly weakened by several epidemics of plague and cholera, as well as the destruction of the corsair fleet by France (1827).

Under Muhammad II al-Husain (1855–1859) and Muhammad III. al-Husain as-Sadaq (1859–1882) began reforms to modernize the country, but these led to heavy debt and state bankruptcy. In 1869, Britain, France and Italy took over “financial control” over Tunisia. Although the “Fundamental Act” abolished all privileges and granted civil rights to all Tunisians, this was confirmed in the first Arab constitution in 1861, it never came into force after Bedouin uprisings.

After France accepted the occupation of Cyprus by Britain, it got a free hand in Tunisia, occupied the country and enforced in the Bardo Treaty on 12 December. May 1881 the recognition of the Protectorate status by Bey Muhammad III. After the independence of Tunisia in 1956 remained with Muhammad VIII. Al-Amin the former Bey first head of state, but was deposed in July 1957 under pressure from Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba.

Representatives
1705–1735 Hussein I Bey
1735–1756 Ali I Bey
1756–1759 Rashid Bey
1759–1777 Ali II. Bey
1777–1814 Hammouda Bey
1814–1814 Osman Bey
1814–1824 Mahmoud Bey
1824–1835 Hussein II. Bey
1835–1837 Moustapha Bey
1837–1855 Ahmed I. Bey
1855–1859 Mohammed Bey
1859–1882 Sadok Bey
1882–1902 Ali III. Bey
1902–1906 Hédi Bey
1906–1922 Naceur Bey
1922–1929 Habib Bey
1929–1942 Ahmed II. Bey
1942–1943 Moncef Bey
1943–1957 Lamine Bey

Literature

Ulrich Haarmann, History of the Arab World. Edited by Heinz Halm. 4.