Mining

Definition and Scope

Mining is an economic sector that belongs to primary production and is part of the mining industry. It involves the extraction, exploration, and exploitation of mineral resources and raw materials from the Earth's upper crust.

Classification

Mining can be classified into different types based on the type of minerals extracted:

* **Metallurgical Mining**: This type of mining involves the extraction of metals such as copper, gold, silver, aluminum, lead, iron, mercury, and others. These metals are used as basic raw materials.
* **Non-Metallurgical or Quarry and Construction Mining**: This type of mining involves the extraction of construction materials and raw materials for jewelry and ornamentation, including clay, quartz, sapphire, emerald, granite, marble, mica, and others.

Energy Minerals

Mining also includes the extraction of energy minerals or fuels, which are mainly used to generate energy. These include:

* **Oil**
* **Natural Gas**
* **Coal**

History

Mining is one of the oldest activities of humanity, with evidence of mineral extraction dating back to prehistory. Humans have used various minerals for the manufacture of tools and weapons since ancient times.

Scope and Activities

The scope of mining includes not only the extraction of minerals but also:

* **Surveying System (Markscheidwesen)**: The necessary surveying system for mining operations.
* **Mine Management**: Weathering, water management, and other aspects of mine management.
* **Social Security Systems**: Scarcity funds and other social security systems related to mining.
* **Special Training Facilities**: Mining academies and other specialized training facilities.
* **Mining Supervisory Authorities**: Federal Mining Act: mountain-free and land-based mineral resources.

Importance

Mining is an important industry that provides essential raw materials for various sectors, including construction, manufacturing, and energy production.