Neolithic

================

The Neolithic, also known as the New Stone Age or Neolithic Age, is a prehistoric period that marks the transition from hunter-gatherer cultures to pastoral and peasant cultures. It is characterized by the adoption of agriculture and livestock, sedentarization, and the use of polished stone tools.

Definition and Criteria

The Neolithic is defined by the presence of domesticated crops, which is considered the decisive criterion for its beginning. However, in some regions, such as those influenced by the former Soviet Union, the Neolithic is also defined by the presence of ceramics and the absence of metals. This definition can lead to misunderstandings, especially when citing sources that follow this practice, as it may refer to both Mesolithic and ceramic Neolithic.

Origins

The Neolithic first began around 9500 BC in the Fertile Crescent of Near Asia, specifically on the southern edges of the Zāgros and Taurus mountains. However, the exact beginning date is not universally agreed upon, with some sources suggesting a range between 6000 BC and 4000 BC.

Characteristics

The Neolithic is marked by profound technical and social changes, including:

* The adoption of agriculture and livestock
* Sedentarization, or the transition from nomadic to settled communities
* The use of polished stone tools, which replaced earlier stone tools

Timeline

The Neolithic period ranges from 8000 BC to 3500 BC. However, the exact dates vary depending on the region and culture.

Etymology

The term "Neolithic" comes from the Greek words νεός (nèos, "new") and λίθος (lithos, "stone"), meaning "new age of stone" or "new stone age".

References

* Anthony, D. W. (cited in various sources)
* Other relevant sources can be added here.

Note: The dates mentioned in the article are based on the provided source snippets and may not be comprehensive or up-to-date. Additional research and verification may be necessary to ensure accuracy.