"The Middle Ages in Israel"

- CONTENT -
THE MAMLUK PERIOD IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL IS THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1260 AND 1517 IN WHICH THE MAMLUK GHETTO IN ISRAEL WAS RULED.

THE MAMLUKS WERE MUSLIM RULERS OF NON-ARAB ANCESTRY, WHOSE HEADQUARTERS WERE IN CAIRO. THE LAND OF ISRAEL WAS NOT A SEPARATE DIPLOMATIC UNIT, AND MOST OF ITS TERRITORY (EXCEPT FOR THE SOUTHERN NEGEV AND ITS ENGROSSSS IN THE COAST AREA, SUCH AS ACRE) WAS INCLUDED IN THE PROVINCE (ANDALYA) "A-SHAM" ("GREAT SYRIA"), WHICH EXTENDED (ACCORDING TO THE MODERN MAP) IN SYRIA, LEBANON, THE LAND OF ISRAEL AND PARTS OF THE EASTERN JORDAN. THE MAIN IMPORTANCE OF THE COUNTRY WAS AS A TRANSIT ZONE BETWEEN THE RULING CENTER IN CAIRO AND THE CAPITAL OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF THE MAMLUK SULTANS, AND AS A FRONT TO THE THREAT OF MONGOL INVASION. IT WAS A CYCLICAL IMPORTANCE AS THE TRANSITIONAL PLACE OF THE MAIN MAIL BETWEEN THE TWO CENTRES, AND IT WAS RELIGIOUS IMPORTANCE AS THE PLACE OF THE STORIES MENTIONED IN THE QURAN, SUCH AS THE STORIES OF THE FOREFATHERS.

THE CAPITAL OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE COUNTRY WAS A DISGRACE, AND THE CAPITAL OF THE SOUTHERN PART WAS GAZA. OTHER MAJOR CITIES IN THE COUNTRY WERE HEBRON, RAMLA, LOD, WHOSE NAME, JALJALIA, KAKON (IN THE DUG VALLEY) AND JERUSALEM. THE MAMLUK JERUSALEM IS A SPECIAL CASE OF A CITY OF SUPREME RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE, ALTHOUGH IT PLAYED A ROLE OF PUNITIVE AND ECONOMIC COMMERCE. HER HISTORY, THOUGH THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO THE HISTORY OF PALESTINE IN GENERAL, IS DIFFERENT FROM THEM IN MANY WAYS.
250 YEARS OF GOVERNMENT IN ISRAEL ARE DIVIDED INTO A SHORT PERIOD OF CONQUEST AND ESTABLISHMENTS, ABOUT A HUNDRED YEARS OF STRONG CENTRAL RULE, AND ABOUT A CENTURY OF FORMALIZATION. THIS IS A SCHEMATICAL DIVISION, SINCE EVEN DURING THE STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THERE HAVE BEEN YEARS OF רפי, AND DURING THE PERIOD OF DISINTEGRATION THERE HAVE BEEN YEARS OF FLOURISHING AND PROSPERITY. IN THE YEARS WHEN THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT WAS STRONG, THE LEVEL OF PERSONAL SECURITY AND THE LEVEL OF ORDER AND THE RULING ORGANIZATION WERE HIGH. HOWEVER, IN THOSE YEARS THE BURDEN OF TAXES WAS HEAVY, THE MUSLIM RELIGIOUS APATHY WAS GREAT, AND THE LAWS OF ISLAM WERE STRICTLY ENFORCED AND WITH A STRONG HAND. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN THE HERFION AND THE REFORMS, LOCAL LEADERS WERE STRENGTHENED AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, AND BEDOUIN GANGS AND ROAD ROBBERS, TERRORIZED THEIR LAND.

BACKGROUND

IN THE COURSE OF THE PERIODS IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL, UNTIL IT ENTERED UNDER THE MALMOLEIC REGIME, THE LAND WAS LOCATED IN THE CRUSADER PERIOD, BUT IN FACT, WITH THE OVERTHROW OF THE CRUSADER KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM AMONG THE PATRIARCHS IN 1244, THE CRUSADER KINGDOM LOST MUCH OF ITS TERRITORY. ITS ATTACHMENTS WERE REDUCED TO A NUMBER OF ISOLATED CITIES AND FORTRESSES IN THE COAST AND GALILEE, WHICH WERE SUBJECTED TO A MUSLIM SIEGE. HOWEVER, THE MUSLIM GOVERNMENT WAS NOT UNIFORM AND DIVIDED BETWEEN MANY RULERS. THE BALANCE OF FORCES BETWEEN THE CRUSADERS AND THE MUSLIMS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SERIES OF SHORT-TERM MILITARY ALLIANCES THAT WERE NEW TO VISIT THE DIVISION OF THE LAND, WHICH GREATLY WEAKENED THE COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO RECOVER AND PARALYZED.

AT THAT TIME, THE DEPENDENCY OF RULERS IN THE MUSLIM WORLD WAS STRENGTHENED IN SLAVE-FIGHTERS KNOWN AS "MELOACH", MOST OF WHOM WERE OF TURKISH DESCENT. THE MAMLUKS WERE NON-MUSLIM SLAVES WHO WERE ACQUIRED AT A YOUNG AGE FROM THE NOMADIC TRIBES IN THE EURASIAN PENINSULA, OSLEM AND WERE TRAINED AS ELITES. THEIR TRAINING COURSE INCLUDED EDUCATION FOR FIERCE LOYALTY TO THEIR LOVED ONES. THE MAMLUKS HAVE OPENED THE OPPORTUNITY TO SERVE ON THE SENIOR ORDER AND SENIOR GOVERNMENT POSITIONS IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES.

IN 1249, LOUIS IX THREATENED EGYPT DURING THE SEVENTH CRUSADE, AND GAINED SUCCESS DUE TO THE INVALUABLE RULERS. IN THE BATTLE OF AL-MANURA IN 1250, THE MAMLUK BRIGADE SUCCEEDED IN COMPLETELY DEFEATING THE ARMY OF LOUIS IX. THE NEXT STEP BY THE COMMANDER OF THE BATTALION, THE STATEMENT KOTUZ, WAS TO OVERTHROW THE IVY REGIME AND TO CONTROL THE MONARCHS OF EGYPT (SEE ALSO FROM THE KINGS OF EGYPT). AFTER TEN YEARS OF RESTORATION AND CONSTRUCTION IN EGYPT, THE MAMLUKS FROM EGYPT TURNED NORTH TO HELP POWER IN DAMASCUS AGAINST THE INVASION OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE, WHICH ALREADY OCCUPIED THE GARMENT