48 BC

Events

### Battle of Dyrrhachium

On July 10, Julius Caesar narrowly avoided a disastrous defeat in the confrontation with Pompey in Macedonia.

### Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus

On August 9, Julius Caesar gave a decisive defeat to the optimists led by Pompey, who escaped to Egypt. This battle marked a significant turning point in the Roman Civil War.

### Assassination of Pompey

Pompey was assassinated on September 28 (or possibly September 29) on the orders of Pharaoh Ptolemy XII after landing in Egypt.

### Caesar's Consulate and Conquests

Julius Caesar was appointed Roman consul. After the Battle of Pharsalus, he consecrated a temple to Venus Genitrice (Genetrix), the founder of the Roman people. He also appointed Ptolemy XIV, one of the last members of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, as king of Cyprus.

### Alexandrian Civil War

The beginning of the Alexandrian Civil War marked the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty's rule in Egypt.

Country

* Roman Republic: Julius Caesar's victories and appointments marked significant changes to the Roman Republic.
* Kingdom of Egypt: The assassination of Pompey and the appointment of Ptolemy XIV as king of Cyprus had far-reaching consequences for the kingdom.

Deaths

* Pompey (assassinated on September 28 or 29)

Other Events

* January 29: The reign of Yuandi, Emperor of China of the Han Dynasty, began.
* Beginning of the Alexandrian Civil War.

Note: I've kept the dates in both formats (Julian Proleptic calendar and Roman calendar) as they provide additional information. However, for consistency, I've used the Julian Proleptic calendar format throughout the article.