"The wall"

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A wall is a structural element in architecture and construction that creates the outer perimeter of a building or room in the form of a vertical enclosing structure separating the room from the surrounding space or adjacent rooms.

The building wall is the bearing and (or) enclosing element of the building. Structurally, exterior walls can be single-layer or complex design.

Classification of walls

Depending on the design scheme
According to SP 15.13330.2012 "Stone and reinforced stone structures", paragraph 9.6
Stone walls are divided into:
Carriers - perceiving, in addition to loads from their own weight and wind, also loads from coatings, ceilings, cranes, etc. ;
Self-supporting - perceiving the load only from the own weight of the walls of all the overlying floors of buildings and wind load;
Non-bearing (including hinged) - perceiving the load only from its own weight and wind within one floor at a floor height of not more than 6 m; with a higher floor height, these walls are self-supporting;
Partitions are internal walls that perceive loads only from their own weight and wind (with open window openings) within one floor at a height of no more than 6 m; with a higher height of the floor, walls of this type are conditionally self-supporting.
In buildings with self-supporting and non-bearing external walls, loads from coatings, floors, etc. are transferred to the frame or transverse structures of buildings.

On the material
Wooden;
Stone;
Brick (ceramic, silicate, etc. types);
Concrete - from small and large-sized blocks (concrete, ceramzitoconcrete, foam concrete, arbolite, aerated concrete, cinder concrete);
Iron concrete - panels (1-3 layers), monolith;
Sandwich panels - enclosing (proflist - insulation - proflist).

Defensive walls

The Aurelian Wall

The Great Wall of China

Separation walls

They serve to physically separate the opposing sides, separating cities, regions and entire countries.
The wall was divided from 1974 to 2009 into two parts – the Greek and Turkish – the Cypriot capital Nicosia.
The Indian wall that divides Kashmir stretches for 550 kilometers. The Indian side erected fences along the 740-kilometer line with Pakistan, moving the fences into Pakistan by about 137 meters. India claims that the fences were erected solely to prevent terrorists from infiltrating and smuggling weapons into the state. The fences consist of concentric rows of barbed wire from the ground to a height of 2.4-3.7 meters. There is an electric current to the wire, there are motion sensors, night vision cameras, thermal imagers, etc. Construction began in 1990 and continued despite Pakistani protests until 2003. After a break in 2003, construction resumed and was completed in 2004. The Indian military says the fence has reduced militant attacks in the region by 80 percent.
The separation wall is built between North Korea and South Korea. To ensure the safety of Yu