War of Sovereignty

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The civil war from 1860 to 1862, also known as the War of Sovereignty, or the Magna War, was a Colombian military conflict that faced the government of Mariano Ospina Rodríguez and rulers who supported the idea of the mantetion of federalism without a greater influence on them by the central government, which originated from the reforms carried out by the conservatives and the president. The liberal leaders headed by General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera attacked and entered the capital victorious, confirming the power of the regional powers against centralism.

Essential factors for the defeat of the conservatives despite their military power were the incompetence of their commanders, the disgust of their soldiers, the inability to mobilize their troops for climatic and geographical conditions and the action of the liberal guerrillas. It was Colombia's only civil war in which the winner was the insurrect side.

Causes
A group of discontent liberals and moderate conservatives formed a coalition called the National Party and launched the presidential candidacy of General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, in opposition to those of Mariano Ospina Rodríguez supported by the conservative party and the Catholic clergy and Manuel Murillo Toro supported by radical liberals.

Mosquera announced that if Ospina triumphed in elections, he would overthrow it with the liberals and if Murillo Toro, with the conservatives, to obtain liberal support, he found, however, an apparently insurmountable obstacle in General José María Obando, who was the most prestigious leader of the Colombian Liberal Party and of whom he had been an irreconcilable enemy.

The 1858 Constitution granted the sovereign States of the Granadine Confederation great autonomy in the management of their internal affairs, the issuance of their own State constitutions and the management of their electoral processes. The power of military forces over states the ability of the general government to intervene in local affairs was reduced, this tried to be exploited by ideological leaders to keep the absolute rule of political parties in the government over entire states.

In the face of the situation mentioned in the previous paragraph since 1859, President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez tried to obtain more possibilities and power and intervention over states through reforms to the constitution, with a series of laws related to the powers of the executive, the army and the electoral system, however, this caused discomfort in most sovereign states, one of the detonants that influenced the conflict was the decree that sought the division of the Federal State of Cauca, the largest and richest in the country, in favor of the central power, General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera sought the separation of Cauca and in Panama, in addition to that in the regions of Magdalena, in 1859, in addition, in the city, in the city of Magdalena