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WOLF HERZOG (BORN 1941) IS AN ISRAELI ARCHAEOLOGIST, PROFESSOR EMERSON OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY, A RESEARCHER IN THE FIELD OF THE FIRST HOUSEHOLD PERIOD, AND THE MINIMALIST FIGURES IN ARCHAEOLOGY.

BIOGRAPHY
WOLF HERZOG WAS A PROMINENT STUDENT OF JOHN AHRONY. HE WAS AWARDED THE DOCTOR OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY IN 1977, AND HAS SERVED THERE SINCE A LECTURER IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT EASTERN CULTURES AND THE HEAD OF THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ON SONYA AND MARCO CHANDLER.

HERZOG WAS DIGGING TOGETHER WITH YIGAL THEIR HANDS IN A SLUMBER AND WAVING FROM HIS HAND, AND TOGETHER WITH ARONY IN TEL ARAD, AND HE PLANTED A WELL SEVEN. AFTER THE DEATH OF AHRON, HE CONTINUED WITH EXCAVATIONS IN TEL ARAD AND BETH SHEVA AND STUDIED SETTLEMENT SITES IN THE BAR SHEVA VALLEY. HERZOG EXPLORED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS REGION AND CYPRUS. THESE LINKS INDICATE IMPORTED TOOLS FROM CYPRUS, FOUND IN TEL BAR SHEVA, WHICH WERE PROBABLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE STATE-STATE CITY AS AN EMERGENCY IN CYPRUS (IN THE TERRITORY OF MODERN SRI LANKA) THAT FLOURISHED AT THE TIME. ANOTHER EVIDENCE IS HUNDREDS OF SHADOWS FOUND IN THE AREA, WHICH HAVE FOUR LEGS OF ANIMALS, PROBABLY A HORSE, AND A HUMAN BODY. THE COMBINATION BETWEEN A HUMAN HEAD AND A HORSE’S BODY IS NOT CHARACTERISTIC OF JUDEA, BUT TO A CULTURE THAT IS PROFITABLE IN THE AEGEAN WORLD. IN THE EXCAVATIONS OF TAL BAR, HERZOG REVEALED AN ALTAR AND FORTRESS FROM THE 11TH CENTURY BC.

FROM 1977 TO 1980, HERZOG MANAGED THE EXCAVATIONS IN TEL-MILBY HERZLIYA. AND IN 1981–1995, HE MANAGED THE EXCAVATIONS IN TEL-GRESSA, WHICH ON THE BANKS OF THE RHINE. AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE REMAINS OF A SETTLEMENT FROM THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (THE BEGINNING OF THE 2ND MILLENNIUM BCE).

IN 1997, AFTER MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS OF EXCAVATIONS IN OLD JAFFA, HERZOG RENEWED THE EXCAVATIONS ON THE SITE. THE EXCAVATIONS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF TEL AVIV ARCHAEOLOGY INSTITUTE, IN COOPERATION WITH THE COMPANY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OLD JAFFA, CONCENTRATED ON THE SOUTHERN TIP OF THE SUMMIT GARDEN, IN THE AREA KNOWN AS THE “SAMES GATE GARDEN”. IN THIS AREA, THE FORTRESS OF EGYPTIAN RULE WAS EXPOSED, SOME OF ITS ENTRY GATES WERE EXPOSED IN THE EXCAVATIONS OF JACOB KAPLAN IN 1974-1956. HERZOG'S MISSION WAS TO EXPOSE THE INTERNAL PARTS OF THE FORTRESS, WEST OF THE GATE EXPOSED BY KAPLAN.

HERZOG AND ISRAEL FINKELSTEIN DEVELOPED THE GREAT AMENDMENT IN THE IRON AGE, THUS BANNING EVERYTHING ATTRIBUTED TO THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE 10TH CENTURY - TO THE NINTH CENTURY. AS A RESULT, THE UNITED KINGDOM REMAINED WITHOUT ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS. "A WHOLE GATE" IN A CARROT, HANGING FROM HIS HAND, A SNORING ROD TURNED INTO A THICK OR LATER LIMB. IN 2004, HE PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE, ALONG WITH LILY SINGER ABIG, IN WHICH HE PROPOSED A DATING METHOD FOR THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE IRON AGE IN ISRAEL, WHICH DOES NOT EXCLUSIVELY REFER TO THE COMPLETE DATING OF THE SITES, BUT TO THE DEFINITION OF THE VARIOUS STAGES ACCORDING TO CULTURAL CHANGES THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED THROUGH MATERIAL FINDING, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE KARMIC FINDING. ACCORDING TO THIS DATING AND IRON AGE 2 IS DIVIDED INTO THE IRON AGE (925-880/800 BC), THE IRON AGE 2B (800-732/701 BC), AND THE IRON AGE (32-538 BCE).

IN AN ARTICLE PUBLISHED ON 29 OCTOBER 1999 IN THE HAARETZ NEWSPAPER UNDER THE PROVOCATIVE TITLE: “THE BIBLE – THERE ARE NO FINDINGS ON THE GROUND,” HERZOG MADE GREAT OPPOSITION AS HE INTERPRETED HIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL TERM: “IT IS HARD TO ACCEPT IT, BUT THE RESEARCHERS ARE CLEAR TODAY THAT THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL DID NOT REMAIN IN EGYPT, DID NOT WANDER IN THE DESERT, DID NOT TAKE THE LAND ON A MILITARY JOURNEY AND DID NOT APPLY IT TO THE TWELVE TRIBES OF ISRAEL. IT IS EVEN HARDER TO DIGEST THE OBVIOUS FACT THAT THE UNITED KINGDOM OF DAVID AND SOLOMON, DESCRIBED IN THE BIBLE AS A REGIONAL POWER, WAS AT MOST A SMALL TRIBAL KINGDOM. IN ADDITION, IT IS EXPECTED TO BE UNCOMFORTABLE FOR ANYONE WHO WILL HAVE TO LIVE WITH THE KNOWLEDGE THAT JEHOVAH, THE GOD OF ISRAEL, WAS A SPOUSE, AND THAT THE ANCIENT ISRAELI RELIGION ADOPTED THE MONOTHEISM ONLY IN THE LATE ROYAL PERIOD AND NOT ON THE MOUNT SINAI. ON 19 OCTOBER 2017, JOURNALIST NIRO HAUGHSON PUBLISHED A REPORTER FROM THE HAARETZ