1191

Geopolitical Situation

The year 1191 was marked by significant events in the medieval world. In Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was ruled by Henry VI (until 1197), while Philip II Augustus held power in France (till 1223). The Byzantine Empire was led by Isaac II Angel (1195).

Division of the Apennine Peninsula

The Apennine Peninsula was divided among various powers. The north belonged to the Holy Roman Empire, the middle half took the Papal States, and most of the south belonged to the Sicilian kingdoms. Cities such as Venice, Pisa, Genoa, and others had a city-state status, with some being connected by the Lombard Wood.

Southern Peninsula

The southern part of the peninsula was under Muslim rule, while the northern half was controlled by Christian states, including Castile, León (Astraria, Galicia), Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal. Richard I of England (by 1199) and Knut VI of Denmark (1202) were among the notable rulers.

Eastern Europe

In Kiev, the ruler was the Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (1194). In Poland, Lord Jarewicz took a fine throne (1198), while Jaros the Heir of the Belongs (1198) and the Great Duke of Lithuania held power in other regions.

Events of 1191

### Europe

* February 6: The Teutonic Order was confirmed by Pope Clement III.
* April 10: Richard I of England arrived at Acre with his army, marking a significant event in the Third Crusade.
* April 20: King Philip II of France reached Acre with his army.
* May 6: The English fleet defeated the forces of Saladin in Cyprus.

### Eastern Europe

* The Novgorodians and Karelians made a sea voyage to Finland against the Swedes, taking Abo during the campaign.
* John the Landlord was involved in events in this region.

### Other Events

* The city of Tusculum was destroyed.
* The Constantinian Order of Saint George was founded.
* Frédéric de Swabe was killed at the siege of Saint John-d'Acre on January 20.

Calendar

The year 1191 was a common year starting on Tuesday, according to the Julian calendar.