Year 1220

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**1220**
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### Overview

The year 1220 was a leap year that began on a Wednesday. It was marked by significant events across various regions, including Europe and Asia.

### Events

#### January-March

* 16 January: Five Franciscans were executed in Marrakech.
* February 16: Bukhara was taken by the Mongols of Genghis Khan, who burned and shaved the city. This marked the beginning of a series of conquests in the region.

#### April-September

* 26 April: Frederick II de Hohenstaufen issued the Confoederatio cum princibus ecclesiasticis in Frankfurt am Main, granting wide privileges to ecclesiastic principles in Germany.
* August 8: The Battle of Lihula took place, where Estonians defeated an invasion by Swedish forces.

#### October-December

* December: Muhammad Shah died shortly after contracting pneumonia on an island in the Caspian Sea. His son Djala ad-Din Mengü Berti joined forces with Genghis Khan (1221).

### Mongol Conquests

The Mongols, under Genghis Khan, continued their conquests in Asia:

* February-March: The Mongols invaded the Abbasid Caliphate and conquered Buhara and Samarkand.
* March: Otrar was burned and shaved by the Mongols.

### European Events

* May: St. Francis of Assisi renounced his leadership of the Franciscan Order.
* Al-Kamil built a fleet near Alexandria, which destroyed Western ships off Cyprus in the summer.
* The Ayyubid ruler renewed peace offers to Legat Pélage, but he refused, awaiting the arrival of Frederick II.

### Other Events

* The Catalans conquered Tarragona.
* Dordrecht received citizens' rights and became the oldest city in the Netherlands.
* The Hohenstaufen dynasty was established in Sicily in Palermo.