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Years of America - Diplomacy 1953-1961 is an essay by Egidio Ortona.

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1953. President became, in 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower, for which, after years, the administration is Republicans, with two main characterizations that are the anti-Soviet crusade and austerity in budget expenditure. The slogan, in fact, is the pursuit of a program called "great equation" which was compelled in the proposition of "trying to maintain the necessary military force, maximizing economic strength". Secretary of State is John Foster Dulles, former lawyer of the Morgan and New York Bank, who had already distinguished himself in the democratic administration during the peace negotiations with Japan. Ortona describes it as " physically unpleasant man, he had a burbery and almost unspoilt appearance and a smile that was almost a grin". For Italian politics, the very serious issue of Trieste remains open and the continuation of the economic aid plans now dependent on the MSA, Mutual Security Administration, a new body whose head is Harold Stassen. The new administration also changes the US ambassador to Rome and is named a woman, Claire Booth Luce, of Catholic religion and married to newspaper editor TIME and Life. The U.S. administration, but not only, is pervaded by the anti-communist campaign led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, who comes to destroy hundreds of books in libraries and information offices because considered left. Stalin's death, on March 5 of the year, does not mention to appease the Maccartist campaign, which, among other things, claims that foreign shipowners to whom the U.S. credit ships are sent undertake not to use them in the traffics with the communist countries, first among all China. From this climate there were difficulties in approving aid to countries, such as Italy, where there is a strong presence of a communist party. For Trieste, three alternatives were examined: (b) a definitive solution on the basis of an American proposal to be submitted to Tito with a "ne varietur" character; (c) a provisional 'modus vivendi' which posed the danger of an effective partition with a delimitation of the two zones. The Italian lessons, held on June 8, see a significant loss of Christian Democracy and an increase in the left and right. The four central parties could not benefit from the change in electoral law - the "law scam", as Piero Calamandrei called it - which provided a strong majority prize to the coalition that had reached 50% of the votes, since they reached 49.85% (57 000 votes in less than necessary). The hope of converging on the Social-Democrats the moderate part of the left electorate and the right-wing liberals was frustrated