"list of countries and leaders in 1299"

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List of Heads of State in 1299

The year 1299 was marked by significant leadership changes across various regions, including Africa, Asia, and Europe. This article aims to provide an overview of the key heads of state during this period.

In **Africa**, several countries experienced notable transitions in power. In Egypt (Bahri Dynasty), Sultan Al-Malik an-Nasir Muhammad ruled from 1293-1309, while his predecessor Ladzhin held office from 1297-1299. The Abdalwadiden dynasty in Algeria was led by Abu Said Uthman I from 1282-1303.

In **Ethiopia**, Emperor Saba Asgad reigned from 1298-1299, followed by Wedem Arad who ruled from 1299-1314. In Ifriqiya (East Algeria and Tunisia), the Hafsids were led by Caliph Muhammad II from 1294-1309.

In **Asia**, several regions experienced leadership changes in 1299. The Ayyubid Emirate was headed by Al-Muzaffar Mahmoud II, who ruled from 1284-1300. In Anatolia, Ghazi II Najm ad-din led the Artucids as Emir of Mardina from 1294 to 1312.

The **Ottoman Empire** was led by Osman I, Sultan from 1299-1326. Other notable leaders in Asia included Ali Shir, Bey of Hermia (1286-1299), and Jacob I, Bei who ruled from 1299-1330.

In the **Indian subcontinent**, several kingdoms experienced leadership changes in 1299. The Ahom kingdom was led by Sukhaang Phaa, Maharaja from 1293-1332. In Bengal Sultanate, Rukn ad-din Kai-Kaus ruled from 1291-1301. The Delhi Sultanate was headed by Ala ad-din Muhammad Shah, who reigned from 1296-1316.

In **Europe**, several countries experienced leadership changes in 1299. In Aragon, King James III ruled from 1291-1327. In England, Edward I held office as King of the Plantagenet dynasty from 1272-1307. The Byzantine Empire was led by II. Andronikos from 1282-1328.